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Definition

Amphetamines are stimulant drugs that affect the brain and body by increasing alertness, focus, and energy. Some amphetamines are used as prescription medications to treat ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) or narcolepsy. A common prescription amphetamine is Adderall.

Adderall contains two types of amphetamine salts and is one of the most widely prescribed stimulants for ADHD. When taken as prescribed, it can help improve focus and behavior in children, teens, and adults with ADHD.

However, when used without a prescription, or taken in higher doses, Adderall and other amphetamines can lead to misuse, addiction, and even overdose.

Alternative names

Adderall misuse; Adderall addiction; Stimulant use disorder; Prescription stimulant abuse; Speed; Uppers; Amphetamine addiction

Methamphetamine and illegal amphetamine use

Methamphetamine (meth) is a powerful and illegal drug that can cause serious health problems. It speeds up the body鈥檚 systems and may lead to a fast heart rate, high blood pressure, anxiety, aggression and even seizures. Meth is highly addictive, and many people feel a strong need to keep using it, even when it causes harm. Illegal amphetamines, including street pills or powders, are often mixed with other dangerous drugs like fentanyl, which increases the risk of overdose.

Signs of meth or illicit amphetamine use may include:

• Rapid weight loss
• Severe mood swings or paranoia
• Skin sores or dental problems ("meth mouth")
• Staying awake for long periods

If you or someone you know is using meth or street amphetamines, help is available. Consult a doctor or contact a local treatment center. Recovery is possible, and the sooner you reach out, the better.

Symptoms

Amphetamines, like Adderall, work by speeding up brain activity. While they may help with focus and energy, they can also lead to physical and mental health problems, especially when misused. Short-term effects of Adderall or amphetamine dependence include:

• Dry mouth
• Fast heart rate
• Increased alertness and focus
• Less need for sleep
• Loss of appetite
• Mood swings

Amphetamine abuse or Adderall in high doses can cause:

Aggressive behavior

Heart attack or stroke

High blood pressure

Loss of consciousness

Paranoia or hallucinations

Seizures

Combining Adderall with other drug use, especially alcohol or benzodiazepines (like Xanax or Ativan), increases the risk of overdose and dangerous side effects of substance use. People who are in benzo withdrawal or have benzodiazepine addiction may misuse stimulants to manage symptoms, which can make things worse.

Causes

Some people begin using Adderall for medical reasons but start taking more than prescribed. Others may use it without a prescription to try to:

• Feel euphoric or "high"
• Improve focus or academic performance
• Lose weight
• Stay awake for work or studying

Misuse is more likely in people with:

• Access to prescriptions through friends or family
• A history of substance use
• Dependence on anxiety medication or untreated mental health issues
• High stress or pressure at school or work

Treatment

Treatment for amphetamine use disorder or Adderall misuse may include:

• Behavioral therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
• Counseling and support groups
• Help with managing stress, anxiety, or benzodiazepine dependence
• Medical addiction treatment for physical symptoms and co-occurring conditions

There are no FDA-approved medications specifically for Adderall addiction, but therapy and long-term support can help people stop using and stay in recovery.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Many people recover from stimulant misuse with the right help. Treatment works best when it includes support for any other conditions鈥攕uch as benzodiazepine addiction, anxiety, or polysubstance use.

Recovery may take time. Some people experience 鈥渃rashes鈥� after quitting, with fatigue, mood changes, or strong cravings. Ongoing support is important to prevent relapse.

Related specialties

• Emergency Medicine
• Addiction Medicine

This entry was written by Jennifer Cruz-Urbano, marketing specialist, and reviewed for accuracy by Rachel Waters, Manager Regional Business Development, and David Fields, Executive Director FRC. Generative AI was leveraged as part of the content creation process.